Creating Rubrics Cube

Rubik's cube is a toy puzzle designed by Erno Rubik during the mid-1970s. It is a cube-shaped device made up of smaller cube pieces with six faces have different colors. The primary method of manufacture involves injection molding of various component pieces, then subsequent assembly, labeling, and packaging. The cubes are very popular during the 1980s, and at its peak between 1980, and 1983, 200 million cubes sold worldwide. Sales this day continues to be more than 500,000 stones sold worldwide every year.Rubik's Cube seems to consist of 26 small cubes. In this situation resolved, he has six faces, each consisting of nine small square faces of the same color. While it appears that all the small faces can be moved, only the corners and edges could actually move. Center of each cube anyway and just spin in place. When the cube is taken apart it can be seen that the center of each cube is connected to the axle to the core. The corners and edges are not fixed to anything. This allows them to move around the center of the cube. Cube maintains its shape because of the corners and edges hold each other in place and maintained by the central cube. Each section has internal tabs held by the central cube and trapped by the surrounding pieces. This tab is shaped to fit along a curved path created by the back of the other pieces. Cube center is fixed with spring and rivet and retain all the surrounding areas. The spring exerts just the right pressure to hold all the pieces in place while providing enough flexibility to function smooth and forgiving.HistoryPuzzle maker has created problems for people to solve for centuries. Some of the puzzles of the earliest dates back to the ancient Greeks and Romans. China has a puzzle ring which is thought to have developed during the second century AD was first described by the Italian mathematician Girolamo Carolano (Cardan) in 1550. When printing was invented, complete books of mathematics and mechanical problems that are designed specifically for recreational circulated.From the early puzzles and word problems, puzzles toys naturally developed. In 1857, Irish mathematician Sir William Hamilton discovered Icosian puzzle. Around 1870, the famous 15 Puzzle was introduced, it was reported by Sam Lloyd. This puzzle involves tiles must be placed in numerical order, and became very popular in the early twentieth century. In 1883, the French mathematician Edouard Lucas created the Tower of Hanoi puzzle. This puzzle consists of three pegs and a number of disks of different sizes. The goal is to put the disc on the pegs in the right order.There are various puzzles involving colored square tiles and colored stones. Some early precursor to include devices such as the Rubik's cube puzzle Katzenjammer and Mayblox. Mayblox puzzle invented by British mathematician Percy MacMahon in the early 1920s. In 1960, Parker introduced another disturbing puzzle cube toy type called Instant Insanity. This toy is achieved moderate popularity in the United States. The early 1970s brought with a device called the Pyraminx, created by Uwe Meffert. This toy is a pyramid that has a moving piece that must be lined up according to color.Erno Rubik, an architect and professor at the University of Budapest developed the first prototype of a Rubik's cube in 1974. He received a patent Hungary in 1975. Apparently, it was also independently designed by Terutoshi Ishige, an engineer from Japan, who received a Japanese patent in 1976. Professor Rubik created the cube as a teaching tool for students to help them identify the three-dimensional spatial relationships. When he demonstrated a working prototype for his students, it quickly became a hit.Over the next few years, Rubik working with manufacturers to enable the production of a cube on a mass scale. After three years of development, the first stone available on the shelves of toy stores in Budapest. While the cube remains popular in Hungry, the political atmosphere of the time makes it difficult for it to be introduced in the United States. The two men most responsible for making cube Laczi international success is Dr. Tibor and Tom Kremer Seven Cities Ltd. in London. Seven Cities discovery license from Professor Rubik Rubik for worldwide distribution. Dr Tibor works in Hungry convince bureaucrats to allow foreign technology. Kremer found the U.S. toymaker, Ideal Toy company, which is willing to help market the product. The product is a direct hit, and during the year 1980, more than 200 million cubes were sold. Around the year 1983, the popularity of frenzied cube begins to decline and sales slowed dramatically. It remained in production on a small scale until the Seven Cities to take over marketing, and licensed to the Company Oddzon Rubik Cube to the U.S. market in 1995. Since then sales have steadily increased to more than 500,000 units per year.DesignThe most important part in making the Rubik's cube is designing molds for various pieces. Molds are engraved steel cavity which has the shape of the part to be inverted yield. When a liquid plastic that is inserted into the mold, it takes on the shape of the mold when it cools. The creation of very precise mold. The cavity is very smooth to eliminate flaws in the surface. Any defects will be reproduced on any of the millions of pieces that will produce prints. In the manufacture of parts of the cube, two commonly used piece mold. During production, the two pieces of the mold are brought together to form a piece of plastic and then opened to release it. This tool includes ejector pin that releases the molded parts from tools such as open. All parts are molded with automatic gating tool that automatically erase the parts of the sprue as issued. Prints are also manufactured with a slight taper, called the release angle, which helps in the removal. Finally, when the molds are designed, they are a bit larger than the pieces that they eventually will produce. This is because as the plastic is cool, they shrink. Different plastic shrink would have a different level, and each tool should be designed specifically for the materials to be used.Commercial cube consists of six cubes remain, eight cube moves in the corner cube and 12 moves in the periphery. Each cube is one of six colors. Rubik's Cube has red, yellow, blue, green, white, and orange. Under no circumstances are solved, each color is only on one face. When the cube is rotated, moving edges and corners and a scrambled cube. The challenge of the puzzle is to return each cube into position. The cube is particularly challenging because there is a little more than 43 trillion (4.3 × 10 19) possible arrangements, and only one solution.Standard Rubik's cube has sides of about 2.2 in (5.7 cm) per square. Various other measures have also been produced as 1.5 in (3.8 cm) cube mini, 0.8 in (2 cm) cubes keychain micro-, and 3.5 in (9 cm) giant cube. While the standard cube is a 3 × 3 × 3 types of segmentation have also been introduced. Some of the more interesting include 2 × 2 × 2 cube, the 4 × 4 × 4 cube (called Rubik's Revenge) and 5 × 5 × 5 cube. The shape also varies and puzzles in the form tetrahedral, pyramidal, and octahedral are among the types produced. Rubik's Cube also led to the development of derivative games like Rubik's cube puzzle and it Rub eraser cube.Raw MaterialsThe individuals that make up the Rubik's cube is usually produced from plastic. Plastics are high molecular weight material that can be produced through a chemical reaction called polymerization. Most of the plastics used in a Rubik's cube is a thermoplastic. The compound is rigid, durable, and can be permanently molded into various shapes. Plastics are used in the Rubik's cube is acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and nylon. Other plastics that can be used include polypropylene (PP), high impact polystyrene (HIPS), and high density polyethylene (HDPE).For decorative purposes, the dye is commonly added to plastics. Rubik cube pieces usually black. During production, colored stickers placed on the outside of the cube to show the color of the side. The plastic used during production is supplied to the plant in the form of pellets complete with fillers and dyes. These pellets can then be loaded directly into the printing machine.ManufacturingProcessMaking the first Rubik's cube is a prototype by hand. During the late 1970s, the method for mass production were developed and continue to be used today. Typically, the production is a step by step process that involves injection molding of the pieces, fitting pieces, decorations Rubik cube, and put the finished product in the packaging.Casting* 1 When production begins, plastic pellets changed to Rubik's cube parts by injection molding. In this process, the pellets inserted into the injection molding machine hopper. They melt as they pass through a controlled hydraulic screw. As the screw turns, melted plastic were shuttled through the nozzles and physically forced, or injected into the mold. Just before the arrival of liquid plastic, the two parts of the mold are brought together to create a cavity that has the identical form part of the Rubik's cube. This could be the edge, corner, or the center. In the mold, the plastic is held under pressure for a certain amount of time and then allowed to cool. While cooling, the plastic hardens in the mold. After enough time passed, both the mold is opened and the parts of the cube is removed. Mold then closes again and the process starts again. Every time a set piece molding machine is a machine cycle. Rubik's Cube cycle time is about 20 seconds.* 2 After the parts of the cube is removed from the mold, they fall into the trash container and hand inspected to ensure that no parts are damaged significantly used. Sprue waste materials set aside for reuse or disposal. Waste material can be crushed and melted to make new parts, however reground materials can degrade and cause poor quality parts. Rubik's Cube is always made from virgin materials and never use reground plastic waste.Part assembly* 3 parts Rubik's Cube was brought to the assembly line. In the production phase, the individual cube pieces together. Starting with nylon core, the center of each cube is glued to the core ABS with spring spacers. The rivet is carefully controlled by limiting the depth to make sure the spring is compressed in the right amount. Each cube has a center plastic cover glued on to hide rivets. One of the six cube center left until the last part of the trial. ABS edges and corner pieces are individually stacked around the core. The cube is built from the bottom and the last to be assembled is the longer end of the central cube glued to the core with spring spacers and end cap is glued on.Labeling* 4 Next, a Rubik's cube faces need to be labeled. Labels are made from polypropylene sheet material printed with color. PP sheet printed then laminated with a clear protective cover PP. The material is then die cut the label wound into rolls. Labels are made with all nine boxes of each face exactly parallel. In this way the label can be very in tune when they are applied to the cube.Packaging* 5 When all the labeling is complete, the stone laid in their final packaging. It could be a small box with an instruction book included or plastic blister pack with a cardboard support. This package serves the dual purpose of protecting the Rubik's cube of the damage caused by shipping and product advertisements. Rubik cube package to be included in the case and move onto pallets. Pallets are then loaded on trucks and shipped products throughout the world.Quality ControlTo ensure that every toy will be a high quality product, quality control inspectors check the products at each stage of production. Plastic pellets enter chemically tested to determine whether they meet the specifications of a particular chemical. This includes examination of the appearance, color weight, melting point, toxicity, and molecular.The quality of the individual parts are also inspected only once out of the mold. Since thousands of parts that are made every day, a full inspection will be difficult. As a result, the random line inspector can inspect the plastic parts at fixed time intervals and checks to ensure they meet the size, shape, and consistency specifications. Sampling method gives a good indication of the quality of the overall production run Rubik's cube. The things to be searched include defective parts, parts not installed properly and improper labeling. While visual inspection is the main test method used, measurements can also be made more stringent. Measuring equipment is used to check the length, width, and thickness of each section. Typically, devices such as vernier calipers, micrometers, or a microscope was used. Just before putting in packing cubes can be rotated to ensure that it holds together and in proper working order. This can be done by hand or with a machine spinning. If found to be defective toys he put aside to be reworked later.FutureWhile the extreme popularity of the Rubik's cube subsided around 1984. haveRubik's Cube begins with nylon core. Plastic box which is then attached from the ground up with a label affixed ago.
 
Rubik's Cube begins with nylon core. Plastic box which is then attached from the ground up with a label affixed ago.
recently made ​​a significant return. This has been the result of marketing efforts is impressive with Seven Cities. In the future, efforts should continue to increase sales marketing Rubik's cube. Besides the cube, puzzle other derivatives have been introduced including snakes Rubik, Rubik triamid and magic puzzle Rubik fold. It is hoped the new variants will also be introduced in the near future.
Where to Learn More
Books
Chabot, JF Development of Plastics Processing Machinery and Methods. Brookfield: Society of Plastics Engineers, 1992.
Othmer, Kirk. Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Vol. 22, 1992.
Rubik, Cubic Compendium E. Rubik. Oxford University Press, 1987.
Seymour, R., and C. Carraher. Polymer Chemistry. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1992.
other
Seven Cities Ltd Rubik Online Web Page. 27 September 2001. <Http://www.rubiks.com>.
U.S. Pat. 4378116.
U.S. Pat. 4471959.
Puzzles Virtual Museum Web Page. 27 September 2001. <Http://www.virtualpuzzlemuseum.com>.